Glossary: Terms Starting with "R"

The Rh factor is a protein found on the surface of red blood cells. If you have it, you are Rh positive. If you do not, you are Rh negative. This matters in pregnancy because if an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive baby, small amounts of the baby's blood can cross into the mother's bloodstream. Her immune system may then produce antibodies against Rh-positive blood. These antibodies are harmless in a first pregnancy but can attack the red blood cells of future Rh-positive babies, causing a condition called hemolytic disease of the newborn. A simple blood test at your first antenatal visit determines your Rh status.

Related: RhoGAM, antibody screen

Rho(D) immune globulin is an injection given to Rh-negative pregnant women to prevent their immune system from reacting to Rh-positive fetal blood cells. It works by clearing any fetal Rh-positive cells from the mother's circulation before her body can form antibodies against them. It is typically given around 28 weeks of pregnancy, and again within 72 hours after birth if the baby is confirmed Rh positive. It is also given after events such as miscarriage, amniocentesis, or vaginal bleeding during pregnancy. The brand name RhoGAM is commonly used, though other formulations exist. This injection is highly effective at preventing Rh sensitization.

Related: Rh factor, antibody screen

Round ligament pain is a common and normal discomfort of the second trimester. The round ligaments are two thick cords that support the uterus on each side, and as your uterus grows rapidly, these ligaments stretch and can cause a sharp, stabbing, or aching pain in the lower abdomen, hips, or groin. It often strikes suddenly when you change position, roll over in bed, sneeze, or laugh. The pain usually lasts only a few seconds to a few minutes. Resting, moving more slowly, and supporting your bump with a pillow when lying down can help. Gentle prenatal stretches may also reduce frequency.

Related: Uterus, pelvic pain

Rupture of membranes refers to the breaking of the amniotic sac, the fluid-filled bag surrounding your baby, releasing the amniotic fluid inside. This is commonly described as your waters breaking. It can happen spontaneously at the start of or during labour, or a doctor may break it deliberately to speed up labour in a process called artificial rupture of membranes. Fluid may rush out in a gush or trickle slowly and continuously. It is important to note the time it happens, and the colour and smell of the fluid. Clear fluid is normal, while green or brown fluid may indicate the baby has passed meconium, which needs prompt medical review.

Related: PROM, PPROM

Rooming-in means your newborn stays in your hospital room with you around the clock, rather than being cared for in a central nursery. This practice is recommended by the World Health Organization and supported by hospitals like KKH and NUH because it strengthens bonding, helps establish breastfeeding on demand, and lets parents learn their baby's hunger cues early. Babies who room in tend to cry less and gain weight more consistently. You can rest while your baby is nearby, and nurses are always available to assist during the adjustment.

Related: Skin-to-skin, breastfeeding